Biodiesel Production Plant
Introduction
source:http://dacct.com/articles/plant-design-projects/biodiesel-production-plant/
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning fuel produced from domestic renewable resources. It can be used in compression ignition (diesel) engines with no major modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Chemically, biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from lipid sources.
Importance of Biodiesel
Importance of biodiesel over fossil fuel is its cleaner Emissions, non-hazardous Toxicity & biodegradability. Also declining reserves of fossil fuels and its fluctuating prices is a major draw back of diesel.
Importance of Biodiesel in Pakistan
Biodiesel is important to Pakistan due to its merits over petroleum fuel. Pakistan consumes around 8 million tons of diesel & 7.2 million tons of furnace oil per year. It is environmental friedly and reduces dependence on imported oil. Also Sustainable, Renewable Resource grown domestically and save precious foreign exchange.
Sources of Biodiesel
It can be produce through numerous sources as from edible (sunflower, canola, soybean, and corn oil used vegetable cooking oil) and non edible oils (Algae oil, capoiba, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, pongame oil).
Jatropha curcas
It is often referred to as ‘jatropha’. It is a plant that produces seeds with high oil content. The seeds are toxic and in principle non edible. World wide jatropha got many considerations as a biodiesel’s raw material.
Uses of Jatropha other than production of biodiesel are making of candles and soap, in cosmetics industry, paraffin substitute or extender. Also it is used as medication purpose as well as its waste can be used as fertilizers oil can be used to make fertilizers.
Uses of Jatropha other than production of biodiesel are making of candles and soap, in cosmetics industry, paraffin substitute or extender. Also it is used as medication purpose as well as its waste can be used as fertilizers oil can be used to make fertilizers.
Production of Biodiesel
Preparation of oil
Oil is a basic need to produce biodiesel. So the oil from the jatropha is extracted and after treatment is used for biodiesel production.
The fruits first harvested from the fields and treated to produce oil. It is first feed up into the dehuller where seeds are separated out from fruit hulls, dried & stored. Now the oil is extracted from the seeds by means of Mechanical methods. Mechanical methods include Expression/Expeller press. The oil receives from the expeller goes for purification. The impurities present in jatropha oil consist of both dissolved and suspended particles that are not part of the structure of the oil. Solid particles, FFAs and phosphor need to be removed before the oil is ready to use in engines. Pro oxidant metals like copper and iron will speed up oxidation. Filtration, sedimentation, degumming and neutralizations are the processes which are done to finally prepare the oil for the production of bodiesel
Methods for the Production of BiodieselThe fruits first harvested from the fields and treated to produce oil. It is first feed up into the dehuller where seeds are separated out from fruit hulls, dried & stored. Now the oil is extracted from the seeds by means of Mechanical methods. Mechanical methods include Expression/Expeller press. The oil receives from the expeller goes for purification. The impurities present in jatropha oil consist of both dissolved and suspended particles that are not part of the structure of the oil. Solid particles, FFAs and phosphor need to be removed before the oil is ready to use in engines. Pro oxidant metals like copper and iron will speed up oxidation. Filtration, sedimentation, degumming and neutralizations are the processes which are done to finally prepare the oil for the production of bodiesel
1. Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil
2. Enzyme catalyzed system.
3. Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil.
Last 2 methods are not used industrially because it has slow reaction rate, and high methanol consumption and gives 90% conversion whereas the enzyme-catalyzed system requires a much longer reaction time.
In Base catalyzed transestrification of oil, methanol is used as reactant and sodium hydroxide is used as catalyst. In this type of transestrification, a low methanol to oil ratio i.e. is 6:1.The reaction is carried out at 6 to 8 hours and reaction take 69 hours to be completed o obtain 98 % conversion to methyl esters.
It is low temperature and pressure, yields conversion (98%), direct conversion to biodiesel with no intermediate compounds & no exotic materials of construction are needed.
Blends of Biodiesel
The biodiesel is mixed and blended with ethanol and also with standard diesel fuel. Use of biodiesel blends can improve the thermal tolerance of the fuel by decreasing the pour point. Therefore, blending may be considered at the biodiesel manufacturing site prior to storage.
Transportation and Storage
It includes material compatibility for transportation and storage. Transportation and handling of biodiesel is a key factor
Biogas production plant
Biogas originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organic material under
anaerobic conditions. It is a mixture CO2 (carbon dioxide) CH4 (methane) and other gases such as hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
The raw materials for the production of biogas are water Press cake of Jatropha seed Hull of Jatropha seed.
The Three steps of Biogas production are hydrolysis, acidification & methane formation:
anaerobic conditions. It is a mixture CO2 (carbon dioxide) CH4 (methane) and other gases such as hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
The raw materials for the production of biogas are water Press cake of Jatropha seed Hull of Jatropha seed.
The Three steps of Biogas production are hydrolysis, acidification & methane formation:
Waste water treatment
During production of bio-diesel, the waste streams contain un- reacted oil, FFA, soaps, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide along with plenty of water. In addition to water that we want to recycle, wastewater contains pathogens (disease organisms), nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, solids, chemicals from cleaners and disinfectants and even hazardous substances. So water treatment is done for safety and environmental purpose.
Project feasibility
The over all plant of biodiesel shows great feasibility. The material & energy balance as well as cost estimation of the whole plant shows that in the incoming years the universe would be of biofuels.
As the production of biofuels are up to maximum extebt and it is never ending because of its raw material availability.
As the production of biofuels are up to maximum extebt and it is never ending because of its raw material availability.
Students Who Designed This Project:
Batch 2007-2010
Saad Ali Khan
Owais Ahmed Siddiqui
Syed Jahanzeb Ahmed
Umair Ahmed
Zawwar Ahmed
Saad Ali Khan
Owais Ahmed Siddiqui
Syed Jahanzeb Ahmed
Umair Ahmed
Zawwar Ahmed
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